2014年12月30日星期二
杯雪 （1）
真的，天地生人，但生人为何？——人生为何？人死为何？——得也奚若？失也奚若？——这些都是耿苍怀年轻时荫动于心里的人生大问题。但社会太大了，耿苍怀自己所治之学、武学，也太浩瀚了，浩如烟海，一入其中，即刻沉湎。好多本初性的大问题，都退让于身边一些小问题。无需远虑，只有近忧。
近忧是苦的，但远虑——空空茫茫，无际无涯，宇宙是什么？人是什么？时间是什么？我之所在是什么？所有这些，如洪荒怪兽，令人惊怖。一时，耿苍怀不无悲苦地想起自己和这个世界。这个世界很好，他应该不怨，无论如何，人都是要在这个社会中生存的，是它给你生存的意义——廉者取名，贪者取钱；细弱小民恋于斗室之温存，雄才大略者欲博天下之威权；夸富邻儿，色诱万乘，俱欲趁一时之心；下三尺小河儿摸些虾儿，于百尺高楼淫一妇人，也能算平生之愿；入世取利，避世称贤；践踏万人而得尊荣、谁荣谁辱？独恋虫蚁而号奇僻，为失为得？至于老叟抱瓮、米颠拜石……这世界总会给你一个生存的意义的，只要你——先承认它。
近忧是苦的，但远虑——空空茫茫，无际无涯，宇宙是什么？人是什么？时间是什么？我之所在是什么？所有这些，如洪荒怪兽，令人惊怖。一时，耿苍怀不无悲苦地想起自己和这个世界。这个世界很好，他应该不怨，无论如何，人都是要在这个社会中生存的，是它给你生存的意义——廉者取名，贪者取钱；细弱小民恋于斗室之温存，雄才大略者欲博天下之威权；夸富邻儿，色诱万乘，俱欲趁一时之心；下三尺小河儿摸些虾儿，于百尺高楼淫一妇人，也能算平生之愿；入世取利，避世称贤；践踏万人而得尊荣、谁荣谁辱？独恋虫蚁而号奇僻，为失为得？至于老叟抱瓮、米颠拜石……这世界总会给你一个生存的意义的，只要你——先承认它。
2014年12月28日星期日
大秦帝国（4）
片刻之间，一个年轻士子悠然进殿，举座目光立即被吸引了过去——一领黑色大袖夹袍，长发松散地披在肩上，头上虽然没有高冠，高大的身材却隐隐透出一种伟岸的气度；步履潇洒，神态从容，在贵胄满座的大殿中非但丝毫不显寒酸，反有一股逼人的清冽孤傲之气。士子从容地躬身做礼：“安邑士子张仪，参见魏王。”
魏惠王却大皱眉头，冷冷问：“张仪，你是魏人，却为何身着秦人衣色？”
这突兀奇特的一问，殿中无不惊讶！孟子不禁感到好笑，身为大国之王，妇人一般计较穿戴服色，真乃莫名其妙。此时却见张仪不卑不亢道：“张仪生地乃魏国蒲阳，与秦国河西之地风习相尽，民多黑衣。此无损国体，亦不伤大雅。”
“此言差矣！”丞相公子卬深知魏惠王心思所在，觉得由自己出面更好，便指着张仪高声道：“魏秦，世仇也！目下正当大魏朝野振作，图谋复仇之际，魏国子民便当恶敌所好，尚我大魏本色！一介士子，就敌国服色而弃我根本，大义何在？”
张仪满怀激情而来，迎头就碰上这令人啼笑皆非的一问，心中顿时腻歪，及至听得这首座高冠大臣振振有辞的滑稽斥责，不禁哈哈大笑：“公之高论，当真令人喷饭。若以公之所言，秦人好食干肉，公则只能喝菜汤；秦人好兵战，公则只能斗鸡走马；秦人好娶妻生子，公则只能做鳏夫绝后了；秦人尚黑衣，公也只能白衫孝服了？”
话音未落，大殿中已轰然大笑！魏惠王笑得最厉害，一口酒“噗！”的喷到了下手公子卬的脸上。公子卬面色胀红，本想发作，却见魏惠王乐不可支，顿时换了一副面孔，竟也一脸酒水的跟着众人哈哈大笑起来，于是禁忌全消，大殿中笑声更响了。
魏惠王向孟子笑道：“孟老夫子，如此机变之士，常伴身边，倒是一件快事呢。”
孟子带着揶揄的微笑：“魏王高明。此子，当得一个弄臣也。”
张仪本傲岸凌厉之士，长策未进却大受侮辱，不禁怒火骤然上冲，欲待发作，脑海中却油然响起老师苍老的声音：“纵横捭阖，冷心为上”，瞬息间便冷静下来，正色拱手道：“魏王为国求贤，大臣却如此怠慢，岂非令天下名士寒心？”
魏惠王哈哈一笑却道：“张仪啊，孟夫子说你乃纵横策士，但不知何为纵横之学？”
“魏王，”张仪见涉及正题，精神振作，肃然道：“纵横之学，乃争霸天下之术。纵横者，经纬也。经天纬地，匡盛霸业，谓之纵横。张仪修纵横之学，自当首要为母国效力。”
“经天纬地？匡盛霸业？纵横之学如此了得？”魏惠王惊讶了。
孟子却冷笑着插了进来：“自诩经天纬地，此等厚颜，岂能立于庙堂之上？”
“孟夫子此话怎讲？倒要请教。”魏惠王很高兴孟子出来辩驳，自己有了回旋余地。
孟子极为庄重：“魏王有所不知。所谓纵横一派，发端于春秋末期的狡黠之士。前如张孟谈游说韩魏而灭智伯，后如犀首游说燕秦。如今又有张仪、苏秦之辈，后来者正不知几多？此等人物朝秦暮楚，言无义理，行无准则；说此国此一主张，说彼国彼一主张，素无定见，唯以攫取高官盛名为能事。譬如妾妇娇妆，以取悦主人，主人喜红则红，主人喜白则白；主人喜肥，则为饕餮之徒；主人喜细腰，则不惜作践自残；其说辞之奇，足以悦人耳目，其机变之巧，足以坏人心术！此等下作，原是天下大害，若执掌国柄，岂不羞煞天下名士？”孟子原是雄辩之士，一席话慷慨激昂义正词严，殿中竟是一片默然。
魏国君臣虽觉痛快，却也觉得孟子过份刻薄，连死去近百年的“三家分晋”的功臣名士张孟谈也一概骂倒，未免不给魏国人脸面。然则，此刻却因孟子对的是面前这个狂士，便都不做声，只是盯着张仪，看他如何应对？
事已至此，张仪不能无动于衷了。他对儒家本来素无好感，但因了敬重孔子孟子的学问，所以也就井水不犯河水，今日见孟子如此刻薄凶狠，不禁雄心陡长，要狠狠给这个固步自封的老夫子一点颜色！只见张仪悠然转身对着孟子，坦然微笑：“久闻孟夫子博学雄辩，今日一见，果是名不虚传也。”
“国士守大道，何须无节者妄加评说？”孟子冷峻傲慢，竟不屑地回过了头去。
突然，张仪一阵哈哈大笑，又骤然敛去笑容揶揄道：“一个惶惶若丧家之犬的乞国老士子，谈何大道？分明是纵横家鹊起，乞国老士心头泛酸，原也不足为奇。”
此言一出，孟子脸色骤然铁青！游历诸侯以来，从来都是他这个卫道士斥责别人，哪有人直面指斥他为“乞国老士子”？这比孔子自嘲的“惶惶若丧家之犬”更令人有失尊严！孟子正要发作，却见张仪侃侃道：“纵横策士图谋王霸大业，自然忠实与国，视其国情谋划对策，而不以一己之义理忖度天下。若其国需红则谋白，需白则谋红，需肥则谋瘦，需瘦则谋肥，何异于亡国之奸佞？所谓投其所好言无义理，正是纵横家应时而发不拘一格之谋国忠信也！纵为妾妇，亦忠人之事，有何可耻？却不若孟夫子游历诸侯，说遍天下，无分其国景况，只坚执兜售一己私货，无人与购，便骂遍天下，犹如娼妇处子撒泼，岂不可笑之至？”
“娼妇处子？妙！”丞相公子卬第一个忍不住击掌叫好。
“彩——！”殿中群臣一片兴奋，索性象酒肆博彩般喝起“彩”来。
魏惠王大感意外：这个张仪一张利口，与孟老夫子竟是棋逢对手！便好奇心大起，笑问张仪：“有其说必有其论，‘娼妇处子’，却是何解啊？”
张仪却是一本正经道：“鲁国有娼妇，别无长物，唯一身人肉耳。今卖此人，此人不要。明卖彼人，彼人亦不要。卖来卖去，人老珠黄，却依旧处子之身，未嚐个中滋味。于是倚门旷怨，每见美貌少妇过街，便恶言秽语相加，以泄心头积怨。此谓娼妇处子之怨毒也。”
这是《大秦帝国》里张仪第一次骂孟子。呵呵
魏惠王却大皱眉头，冷冷问：“张仪，你是魏人，却为何身着秦人衣色？”
这突兀奇特的一问，殿中无不惊讶！孟子不禁感到好笑，身为大国之王，妇人一般计较穿戴服色，真乃莫名其妙。此时却见张仪不卑不亢道：“张仪生地乃魏国蒲阳，与秦国河西之地风习相尽，民多黑衣。此无损国体，亦不伤大雅。”
“此言差矣！”丞相公子卬深知魏惠王心思所在，觉得由自己出面更好，便指着张仪高声道：“魏秦，世仇也！目下正当大魏朝野振作，图谋复仇之际，魏国子民便当恶敌所好，尚我大魏本色！一介士子，就敌国服色而弃我根本，大义何在？”
张仪满怀激情而来，迎头就碰上这令人啼笑皆非的一问，心中顿时腻歪，及至听得这首座高冠大臣振振有辞的滑稽斥责，不禁哈哈大笑：“公之高论，当真令人喷饭。若以公之所言，秦人好食干肉，公则只能喝菜汤；秦人好兵战，公则只能斗鸡走马；秦人好娶妻生子，公则只能做鳏夫绝后了；秦人尚黑衣，公也只能白衫孝服了？”
话音未落，大殿中已轰然大笑！魏惠王笑得最厉害，一口酒“噗！”的喷到了下手公子卬的脸上。公子卬面色胀红，本想发作，却见魏惠王乐不可支，顿时换了一副面孔，竟也一脸酒水的跟着众人哈哈大笑起来，于是禁忌全消，大殿中笑声更响了。
魏惠王向孟子笑道：“孟老夫子，如此机变之士，常伴身边，倒是一件快事呢。”
孟子带着揶揄的微笑：“魏王高明。此子，当得一个弄臣也。”
张仪本傲岸凌厉之士，长策未进却大受侮辱，不禁怒火骤然上冲，欲待发作，脑海中却油然响起老师苍老的声音：“纵横捭阖，冷心为上”，瞬息间便冷静下来，正色拱手道：“魏王为国求贤，大臣却如此怠慢，岂非令天下名士寒心？”
魏惠王哈哈一笑却道：“张仪啊，孟夫子说你乃纵横策士，但不知何为纵横之学？”
“魏王，”张仪见涉及正题，精神振作，肃然道：“纵横之学，乃争霸天下之术。纵横者，经纬也。经天纬地，匡盛霸业，谓之纵横。张仪修纵横之学，自当首要为母国效力。”
“经天纬地？匡盛霸业？纵横之学如此了得？”魏惠王惊讶了。
孟子却冷笑着插了进来：“自诩经天纬地，此等厚颜，岂能立于庙堂之上？”
“孟夫子此话怎讲？倒要请教。”魏惠王很高兴孟子出来辩驳，自己有了回旋余地。
孟子极为庄重：“魏王有所不知。所谓纵横一派，发端于春秋末期的狡黠之士。前如张孟谈游说韩魏而灭智伯，后如犀首游说燕秦。如今又有张仪、苏秦之辈，后来者正不知几多？此等人物朝秦暮楚，言无义理，行无准则；说此国此一主张，说彼国彼一主张，素无定见，唯以攫取高官盛名为能事。譬如妾妇娇妆，以取悦主人，主人喜红则红，主人喜白则白；主人喜肥，则为饕餮之徒；主人喜细腰，则不惜作践自残；其说辞之奇，足以悦人耳目，其机变之巧，足以坏人心术！此等下作，原是天下大害，若执掌国柄，岂不羞煞天下名士？”孟子原是雄辩之士，一席话慷慨激昂义正词严，殿中竟是一片默然。
魏国君臣虽觉痛快，却也觉得孟子过份刻薄，连死去近百年的“三家分晋”的功臣名士张孟谈也一概骂倒，未免不给魏国人脸面。然则，此刻却因孟子对的是面前这个狂士，便都不做声，只是盯着张仪，看他如何应对？
事已至此，张仪不能无动于衷了。他对儒家本来素无好感，但因了敬重孔子孟子的学问，所以也就井水不犯河水，今日见孟子如此刻薄凶狠，不禁雄心陡长，要狠狠给这个固步自封的老夫子一点颜色！只见张仪悠然转身对着孟子，坦然微笑：“久闻孟夫子博学雄辩，今日一见，果是名不虚传也。”
“国士守大道，何须无节者妄加评说？”孟子冷峻傲慢，竟不屑地回过了头去。
突然，张仪一阵哈哈大笑，又骤然敛去笑容揶揄道：“一个惶惶若丧家之犬的乞国老士子，谈何大道？分明是纵横家鹊起，乞国老士心头泛酸，原也不足为奇。”
此言一出，孟子脸色骤然铁青！游历诸侯以来，从来都是他这个卫道士斥责别人，哪有人直面指斥他为“乞国老士子”？这比孔子自嘲的“惶惶若丧家之犬”更令人有失尊严！孟子正要发作，却见张仪侃侃道：“纵横策士图谋王霸大业，自然忠实与国，视其国情谋划对策，而不以一己之义理忖度天下。若其国需红则谋白，需白则谋红，需肥则谋瘦，需瘦则谋肥，何异于亡国之奸佞？所谓投其所好言无义理，正是纵横家应时而发不拘一格之谋国忠信也！纵为妾妇，亦忠人之事，有何可耻？却不若孟夫子游历诸侯，说遍天下，无分其国景况，只坚执兜售一己私货，无人与购，便骂遍天下，犹如娼妇处子撒泼，岂不可笑之至？”
“娼妇处子？妙！”丞相公子卬第一个忍不住击掌叫好。
“彩——！”殿中群臣一片兴奋，索性象酒肆博彩般喝起“彩”来。
魏惠王大感意外：这个张仪一张利口，与孟老夫子竟是棋逢对手！便好奇心大起，笑问张仪：“有其说必有其论，‘娼妇处子’，却是何解啊？”
张仪却是一本正经道：“鲁国有娼妇，别无长物，唯一身人肉耳。今卖此人，此人不要。明卖彼人，彼人亦不要。卖来卖去，人老珠黄，却依旧处子之身，未嚐个中滋味。于是倚门旷怨，每见美貌少妇过街，便恶言秽语相加，以泄心头积怨。此谓娼妇处子之怨毒也。”
这是《大秦帝国》里张仪第一次骂孟子。呵呵
大秦帝国（3）
“儒家大伪，天下可证：在儒家眼里，人皆小人，唯我君子；术皆卑贱，唯我独尊；学皆邪途，唯我正宗。墨子兼爱，你孟轲骂做无父绝后。扬朱言利，你孟轲骂成禽兽之学。法家强国富民，你孟轲骂成虎狼苛政。老庄超脱，你孟轲骂成逃遁之说。兵农医工，你孟轲骂为未技细学。纵横策士，你孟轲骂作妾妇之道。你张扬刻薄，出言不逊，损遍天下诸子百家！却大言不惭，公然以王道正统自居。凭心而论，儒家自己究有何物？你孟轲究有何物？一言以蔽之，尔等不过一群四体不勤、五谷不分的书呆子，整天淹没在那个消逝的大梦里，惟知大话空洞，欺世盗名而已！国有急难，邦有乱局，儒家何曾拿出一个有用主意？尔等竟日高谈文武之道、解民倒悬，事实上却主张回复井田古制，使万千民众流离失所，无田可耕！尔等信誓旦旦，称‘民为本，社稷次之，君为轻’，事实上却维护周礼、贬斥法制，竟要刑不上大夫，礼不下庶民；民可使由之，不可使知之；使万千平民有冤无讼、状告无门，天下空流多少鲜血？如此言行两端，心口不应，不是大伪欺世，却是堂堂正正么？儒家大伪，更有其甚：尔等深藏利害之心，却将自己说成杀身成仁、舍生取义。但观其行，却是孜孜不倦的谋官求爵，但有不得，便惶惶若丧家之犬！三日不见君王，便其心惴惴；一月不入官府，便不知所终。究其实，利害之心，天下莫过儒家！趋利避害，本是人性。尔等偏无视人之本性，不做因势利导，反着意扼杀如阉人一般！食而不语、寝而不语、坐怀不乱，生生将柳下惠那种不知生命为何物的木头，硬是捧为与圣人齐名的君子！将人变成了一具具活僵尸，一个个毫无血性的阉人！儒家弟子数千，有几人如墨家子弟一般，做生龙活虎的真人？有几人不是唯唯诺诺的弱细无用之辈？阴有所求，却做文质彬彬的谦谦君子，求之不得，便骂尽天下！更有甚者，尔等儒家公然将虚伪看作美德，公然引诱人们说假话：为圣人隐，为大人隐，为贤者隐；教人自我虐待，教人恭顺服从，教人愚昧自私，教人守株待兔；最终使民人不敢发掘丑恶，不敢面对法制，沦做无知茫然的下愚，使贵族永远欺之，使尔等上智永远愚弄之！险恶如斯，虚伪如斯，竟大言不惭的奢谈解民倒悬？敢问诸位：春秋以来五百年，可有此等荒诞离奇厚颜无耻之学？有！那便是儒家！便是孔丘孟轲！”
这是张仪第二次骂孟子，好犀利！不知道历史上张仪是不是真的骂过孟子，原文有没有比这个精彩。
这是张仪第二次骂孟子，好犀利！不知道历史上张仪是不是真的骂过孟子，原文有没有比这个精彩。
2014年12月20日星期六
大秦帝国 （2）
“围棋之道，天道人道交合而成也。远古洪荒，大禹疏导，大地现出茫茫原野。于是大禹立井田之制，划耕地为九九扩大的无限方块。其中沟渠纵横交织，民居点点布于其上，便成人间棋局也。后有圣哲，中夜观天，感天中星光点点，大地渠路纵横成方，神往遐思，便成奇想，遥感天上星辰布于地上经纬，当成气象万千之大格局。神思成技，做经纬交织于木上，交叉点置石子而戏，便是棋道之开始。其后攻占征伐，围城夺地，人世生灭愈演愈烈，棋道便也有了生杀攻占、围地争胜的规则，久而久之，棋道成矣。此乃人道天道交相成而生棋道之理也。”
举座无声，人们仿佛在听一个天外来客的深奥论说。
布衣士子问：“这棋，何以称之为‘围’呢？”
卫鞅侃侃而论，“人间诸象，天地万物，皆环环相围而生。民被吏围，吏被官围，官被君围，君被国围，国被天下围，天下被宇宙围，宇宙被造物围，造物最终又被天地万物芸芸众生之精神围。围之愈广，其势愈大。势大围大，围大势大。此为棋道，亦是天道人道。棋道圣手，以围地为目标，然必以取势为根基。子子枢要，方可成势。势坚则围地，势弱则地断。若方才之棋，若‘秦国’处处与‘魏国’纠结缠斗，‘秦国’则难以支撑。若以势围地，势地相生，则‘秦国’自胜。因由何在？棋若无势，犹国家无法度架构也。棋若有势，则子子有序，若民有法可依，兵有营规可循也。圣手治棋，犹明君治国，名将治军也。”
不懂围棋，不过这一段对围棋的论述好浪漫！喜欢。
举座无声，人们仿佛在听一个天外来客的深奥论说。
布衣士子问：“这棋，何以称之为‘围’呢？”
卫鞅侃侃而论，“人间诸象，天地万物，皆环环相围而生。民被吏围，吏被官围，官被君围，君被国围，国被天下围，天下被宇宙围，宇宙被造物围，造物最终又被天地万物芸芸众生之精神围。围之愈广，其势愈大。势大围大，围大势大。此为棋道，亦是天道人道。棋道圣手，以围地为目标，然必以取势为根基。子子枢要，方可成势。势坚则围地，势弱则地断。若方才之棋，若‘秦国’处处与‘魏国’纠结缠斗，‘秦国’则难以支撑。若以势围地，势地相生，则‘秦国’自胜。因由何在？棋若无势，犹国家无法度架构也。棋若有势，则子子有序，若民有法可依，兵有营规可循也。圣手治棋，犹明君治国，名将治军也。”
不懂围棋，不过这一段对围棋的论述好浪漫！喜欢。
2014年12月18日星期四
大秦帝国 （0）
秦帝国兴亡沉浮的五百多年（从秦立诸侯国到帝国二世灭亡），是中国历史上最为自由奔放、充满活力的大黄金时代。用那个时候的话说，那是一个“礼崩乐坏，瓦釜雷鸣，高岸为谷，深谷为陵”的剧烈变化时代。用历史主义的话说，那是一个大毁灭、大创造、大沉沦、大兴亡，从而在总体上大转型的时代。青铜文明向铁器文明的转型，隶农贵族经济向自由农地主经济的转型，联邦制国体向中央统治国体的转型，使中华民族在那个时代达到了农业文明的极致状态。
这个辉煌转型的历史过程，就是秦帝国生灭兴亡的历史过程。
春秋战国孕育出的时代精神是强力竞争，强势生存。用当时的话说，就是“凡有血气，皆有争心”的“大争之世”。所谓大争，就是争得全面，争得彻底，争得漫长，争得残酷无情。春秋三百年左右的纷争组合，就像春水化开了河冰，打碎了古典联邦王国时代的窒息封闭，铁器出现、商业活跃、井田制动摇、天子权威削弱、新兴地主与士人阶层涌现，整个社会的生命状态大大活跃起来。于是，旧制度崩溃了，旧文化破坏了，像瓦罐一样卑贱的平民奴隶雷鸣般躁动起来，高高的山陵塌陷了，深深的峡谷竟然崛起为巍巍大山！进入战国，这种纷争终于演变为大争，开始了强势生存的彻底竞争。弱小就要灭亡，落后就要挨打，成为几乎没有任何缓冲的铁血现实。彻底的变法，彻底的刷新自己，成为每个邦国迫在眉睫的生存之道。由此引发的人才竞争赤裸裸白热化。无能的庸才被抛弃，昏聩的国君被杀戮，名士英才成为天下争夺的瑰宝，明君英主成为最受拥戴的英雄。名将辈出，大才如云，英主迭起。中华民族的所有文明支系都被卷进了这场全面彻底的大竞争之中！经济、政治、军事、文化，举凡社会生活的所有领域，都在这种大争之中碰撞出最灿烂的辉煌。战争规模最大，经济改革最彻底，权力争夺最残酷，文化争鸣最激烈，民众命运与国家命运的联系最紧密，创造的各种奇迹最多，涌现的伟人最多……所有这些，都是后来的时代无法与之比肩的，甚至是无法想象的。
序言看得我激情澎湃，有了读《双城记》开篇的感受。
这个辉煌转型的历史过程，就是秦帝国生灭兴亡的历史过程。
春秋战国孕育出的时代精神是强力竞争，强势生存。用当时的话说，就是“凡有血气，皆有争心”的“大争之世”。所谓大争，就是争得全面，争得彻底，争得漫长，争得残酷无情。春秋三百年左右的纷争组合，就像春水化开了河冰，打碎了古典联邦王国时代的窒息封闭，铁器出现、商业活跃、井田制动摇、天子权威削弱、新兴地主与士人阶层涌现，整个社会的生命状态大大活跃起来。于是，旧制度崩溃了，旧文化破坏了，像瓦罐一样卑贱的平民奴隶雷鸣般躁动起来，高高的山陵塌陷了，深深的峡谷竟然崛起为巍巍大山！进入战国，这种纷争终于演变为大争，开始了强势生存的彻底竞争。弱小就要灭亡，落后就要挨打，成为几乎没有任何缓冲的铁血现实。彻底的变法，彻底的刷新自己，成为每个邦国迫在眉睫的生存之道。由此引发的人才竞争赤裸裸白热化。无能的庸才被抛弃，昏聩的国君被杀戮，名士英才成为天下争夺的瑰宝，明君英主成为最受拥戴的英雄。名将辈出，大才如云，英主迭起。中华民族的所有文明支系都被卷进了这场全面彻底的大竞争之中！经济、政治、军事、文化，举凡社会生活的所有领域，都在这种大争之中碰撞出最灿烂的辉煌。战争规模最大，经济改革最彻底，权力争夺最残酷，文化争鸣最激烈，民众命运与国家命运的联系最紧密，创造的各种奇迹最多，涌现的伟人最多……所有这些，都是后来的时代无法与之比肩的，甚至是无法想象的。
序言看得我激情澎湃，有了读《双城记》开篇的感受。
It was the best of times,
it was the worst of times,
it was the age of wisdom,
it was the age of foolishness,
it was the epoch of belief,
it was the epoch of incredulity,
it was the season of Light,
it was the season of Darkness,
it was the spring of hope,
it was the winter of despair,
we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way— in short, the period was so far like the present period, that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received, for good or for evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only.
2014年12月17日星期三
2014年1月3日星期五
The Brain That Changes Itself (17)
The Question for Merzenich was, how does this topographic order emerge in the brain map? The answer he and his group came to was ingenious. A topographic order emerges because many of our everyday activities involve repeating sequences in a fixed order. When we pick up an object the size of an apple or baseball, we usually grip it first with our thumb and index finger, then wrap the rest of our fingers around it one by one. Since the thumb and index finger often touch at almost the same time, sending their signals to the brain almost simultaneously, the thumb map and the index finger map tend to form close together in the brain. (Neurons that fire together wire together.) As we continue to wrap our hand around the object, our middle finger will touch it next, so its brain map will tend to be beside the index finger and farther away from the thumb. As this common grasping sequence --- thumb first, index inter second, middle finger third --- is repeated thousands of times, it leads to a brain map where the thumb map is next to the index finger map, and so on. Signals that tend to arrive at separate times, like thumbs and pinkies, have more distant brain maps, because neurons that fire apart wire apart.
但是这个例子并不能解释topographic的概念。只有触觉和和人的身体结构有关的，所以存在空间上的相关性，但是很多其他的感官不存在空间性，那么这些感官在中枢里使如何排列的呢？再以味觉和嗅觉为例。人吃东西的时候同时受多种味道的刺激，大脑是如何分辨不同的味道的呢？大脑皮层上是不是有不同的区域对应不同的味觉？那些味觉在大脑中是相邻的？为什么它们相邻？等等。这些问题都不能用简单的topographic来解释。
但是这个例子并不能解释topographic的概念。只有触觉和和人的身体结构有关的，所以存在空间上的相关性，但是很多其他的感官不存在空间性，那么这些感官在中枢里使如何排列的呢？再以味觉和嗅觉为例。人吃东西的时候同时受多种味道的刺激，大脑是如何分辨不同的味道的呢？大脑皮层上是不是有不同的区域对应不同的味觉？那些味觉在大脑中是相邻的？为什么它们相邻？等等。这些问题都不能用简单的topographic来解释。
The Brain That Changes Itself (16)
In one ingenious experiment, Merzenich mapped a normal monkey's hand, then sewed together two of the monkey's fibers, so that both fingers moved as one. After several months of allowing the monkey to use its sewn figures, the monkey was remapped. The two maps of the originally separate fingers had now merged into a single map. If the experimenters touched any point on either finger, this new single map would light up. Because all the movements and sensations in those fingers always occurred simultaneously, they'd formed the same map. The experiment showed that timing of the input to the neurons in the map was the key to forming it --- neurons that fired together in time wired together to make one map.
这个实验设计的有缺陷，并不能证明“fire together, wire together”. 假设有两根不相连的手指，比如大拇指和无名指被同时刺激，是否他们的brain map也会组合成一片？在这个实验里时间并不是唯一的因素，两根手指位置上的相邻也是有作用的。我很难想像同时刺激一个人的舌头和手指能够使这两部分感官相对应的中枢连成一片，以造成触摸手指引起酸甜苦辣的感觉。如果能造成这样的结果，那减肥就是小菜一碟了。口腹之欲可以通过进食之外的其他途径解决。
这个实验设计的有缺陷，并不能证明“fire together, wire together”. 假设有两根不相连的手指，比如大拇指和无名指被同时刺激，是否他们的brain map也会组合成一片？在这个实验里时间并不是唯一的因素，两根手指位置上的相邻也是有作用的。我很难想像同时刺激一个人的舌头和手指能够使这两部分感官相对应的中枢连成一片，以造成触摸手指引起酸甜苦辣的感觉。如果能造成这样的结果，那减肥就是小菜一碟了。口腹之欲可以通过进食之外的其他途径解决。
The Brain That Changes Itself (15)
The competitive nature of plasticity affects us all. There is an endless war of nerves going on inside each of our brains. If we stop exercising our mental skills, we do not just forget them: the brain map space for those skills is turned over to the skills we practice instead. if you ever ask yourself, "How often must I practice French, or guitar, or math to keep on top of it?" you are asking a question about competitive plasticity. You are asking how frequently you must practice one activity to make sure its brain map space is not lost to another.
所以辞了职脑袋也不能闲着呀。刘冬梅同志！
Competitive plasticity in adults even explains some of our limitations. Think of the difficult most adults have in learning a second language. The conventional view now is that the difficulty arises because the critical period for language learning has ended, leaving us with a brain too rigid to change tis structure on a large scale. But the discovery of competitive plasticity suggests there is more to it. As we age, the more we use our native language, the more it comes to dominate our linguistic map space. Thus it is also because our brain is plastic --- and because plasticity is imputative --- that it is so hard to learn a new language and end the tyranny of the mother tongue.
But why, if there is true, is it easier to learn a second language when we are young? Is there not competition the too? Not really. If two languages are learned at the same time, during the critical period, both get a foothold. Brain scans, says Merzenich, show that in a bilingual child all th sounds of its two languages share a single large map, a library of sounds from both languages.
Competitive plasticity also explains why our bad habits are so difficult to brake or "unlearn." most of us think of the brain as a container and learning as putting something in it. When we try to break a bad habit, we think the solution is to put something new into the container. But when we learn a bad habit, it takes over a brain map, and each time we repeat it, it claims more control of that map and prevents the use of that space for "good" habits. That is why "unlearning" is other a lot harder than learning, and why early childhood educate is so important --- it's best to get it right early, before the "bad habit" gets a competitive advantage.
所以辞了职脑袋也不能闲着呀。刘冬梅同志！
Competitive plasticity in adults even explains some of our limitations. Think of the difficult most adults have in learning a second language. The conventional view now is that the difficulty arises because the critical period for language learning has ended, leaving us with a brain too rigid to change tis structure on a large scale. But the discovery of competitive plasticity suggests there is more to it. As we age, the more we use our native language, the more it comes to dominate our linguistic map space. Thus it is also because our brain is plastic --- and because plasticity is imputative --- that it is so hard to learn a new language and end the tyranny of the mother tongue.
But why, if there is true, is it easier to learn a second language when we are young? Is there not competition the too? Not really. If two languages are learned at the same time, during the critical period, both get a foothold. Brain scans, says Merzenich, show that in a bilingual child all th sounds of its two languages share a single large map, a library of sounds from both languages.
Competitive plasticity also explains why our bad habits are so difficult to brake or "unlearn." most of us think of the brain as a container and learning as putting something in it. When we try to break a bad habit, we think the solution is to put something new into the container. But when we learn a bad habit, it takes over a brain map, and each time we repeat it, it claims more control of that map and prevents the use of that space for "good" habits. That is why "unlearning" is other a lot harder than learning, and why early childhood educate is so important --- it's best to get it right early, before the "bad habit" gets a competitive advantage.
The Brain That Changes Itself (14)
The experiment demonstrated that if the median nerve was cut, other nerves, still brimming with electrical input, would take over the unused map space to processing their input. When it came to allocating brain-processing power, brain maps were governed by competition for precious resources and the principle of "use it or lose it".
这对人类来说是一种优势呀！No brain power is wasted.
这对人类来说是一种优势呀！No brain power is wasted.
The Brain That Changes Itself (13)
For people, postmortem examinations have shown that education increases the number of branches among neurons. An increased the number of branches among neurons. An increased number of branches drives the neurons father apart, leading to an increase in the volume and thickness of the brain. The idea that the brain is like a muscle that grows with exercise is not just a metaphor.
所以要想一直具有活跃的思维真的是要活到老，学到老！
所以要想一直具有活跃的思维真的是要活到老，学到老！
The Brain That Changes Itself (12)
“The cerebral cortex,” he says of the thin outer layer of the brain, "is actually selectively refining its processing capacities to fit each task at hand." It doesn't simply learn; it is always "learning how to learn." The brain Merzenich describes is not an inanimate vessel that we fill; rather it is more like a living creature with an appetite, one that can grow and change itself with proper nourishment and exercise. Before Merzenich's work, the brain was seen as a complex machine, having unalterable limits on memory, processing speed, and intelligence. Merzenich has shown that each of these assumptions is wrong.
The Brain That Changes Itself (11)
They also discovered that there was a "critical period", from the third to the eight week of life, when the newborn kitten's brain had to receive visual stimulation in order to develop normally. In the crucial experiment Hubel and Wiesel sewed shut one eyelid of a kitten during its critical period, so the eye got no visual stimulation. When they opened this shut eye, they found that visual areas in the brain map that normally processed input from the shut eye had failed to develop, leaving the kitten blind in that eye for life. Clearly the brains of kittens during the critical period were plastic, their structure literally shaped by experience.
看来“少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲”还有另外一种解释。学习要趁早不是“推”，而是人的生理基础决定的必然规律。
看来“少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲”还有另外一种解释。学习要趁早不是“推”，而是人的生理基础决定的必然规律。
The Brain That Changes Itself (10)
He also discovered that when he touched certain parts of the brain, he triggered long-lost childhood memories or dreamlike scenes --- which implied that higher mental activities were also mapped in the brain.
如果这些记忆或是思维活动能重新被激活，那真是激动人心的成果！人类的多愁善感会有很多新的蔓延领域，或是有很多本来存在的多愁善感就因此萎缩了。哈哈
如果这些记忆或是思维活动能重新被激活，那真是激动人心的成果！人类的多愁善感会有很多新的蔓延领域，或是有很多本来存在的多愁善感就因此萎缩了。哈哈
The Brain That Changes Itself (9)
Merzenich claims that when learning occurs in a way consistent with the laws that govern brain plasticity, the mental "machinery" of the brain can be improved so that we learn and perceive with greater precision, speed, and retention.
The Brain That Changes Itself (8)
Enriched environments and stimulation lead the brain to grown. Over the years his labs and others have shown that stimulating the brain makes it grown in almost every conceivable way. Animals raised in enriched environments --- surrounded by other animals, objects to explore, toys to roll, ladders to climb, and running wheels --- learn better than genetically identical animals that have been reared in impoverished environments. Acetylcholine, a brain chemical essential for learning, is higher in rats trained on difficult spatial problems than in rats trained on simple problems. Mental training or life in enriched environments increases brain weight by 5 percent in the cerebral cortex of animals and up to 9 percent in areas that the training directly stimulates. Trained or stimulated neurons develop 25 percent more branches and increase their size, the number of connections per neuron, and their blood supply. These changes can occur late in life, though they do no develop as rapidly in older animals as in younger ones. Similar effects of training and enrichment on brain anatomy have been seen in all types of animals tested to date.
孟母三迁的生理学原因。看来创造环境对孩子的成长是十分必要，也是非常重要的。
孟母三迁的生理学原因。看来创造环境对孩子的成长是十分必要，也是非常重要的。
The Brain That Changes Itself (7)
Barbara Arrowsmith Young's work compels us to imagine how much good might be accomplished if every child had a brain-based assessment and, if problems were found, a tailor-made program created to strengthen essential areas in the early years, when neuroplasticity is greatest. It is far better to nip brain problems in the bud than to allow the child to wire into his brain the idea that he is "stupid", begin to hate school and learning, and stop working in the weakened area, losing whatever strength he may have. Younger children often progress more quickly through brain exercises than do adolescents, perhaps because in an immature brain the number of connections among neurons, or synapses, is 50 percent greater than in adult brain. When we reach adolescence, a massive "pruning back" operation begins in the brain, and synaptic connections and neurons that have not been used extensively suddenly die off --- a classic case of "use it or lose it". it is probably best to strengthen weakened areas while all this extra cortical real estate is available. Still, brain-based assessments can be helpful all through school and even in college and university, because their week brain functions are overloaded by the increased demand. Even apart from these crises, every adult could benefit from a brain-based cognitive assessment, a cognitive fitness test, to help them better understand their own brain.
The Brain That Changes Itself (6)
"I knew that the words 'mother' and 'daughter' meant but no the expression 'mother's daughter,'" Zazetsky wrote, "The expressions 'mother's daughter' and 'daughter's mother' sounded just the same to me. I also had trouble with expressions like 'Is an elephant bigger than a fly?' All I could figure out was that a fly was small and an elephant is big, but I didn't understand the words 'bigger' and 'smaller.'"
......
She isolated herself and began toiling to the point of exhaustion, week after week --- with only brief breaks for sleep --- at mental exercises she designed, though she had no guarantee they would lead anywhere.
有时候一个人有缺陷或是残疾，或者遇到巨大的困难，或是处于特别无助的境地，这些劣势会激发出人深藏的潜力，反倒创造出比健康人或身处顺境的人要好得多的成绩来。
......
She isolated herself and began toiling to the point of exhaustion, week after week --- with only brief breaks for sleep --- at mental exercises she designed, though she had no guarantee they would lead anywhere.
有时候一个人有缺陷或是残疾，或者遇到巨大的困难，或是处于特别无助的境地，这些劣势会激发出人深藏的潜力，反倒创造出比健康人或身处顺境的人要好得多的成绩来。
The Brain That Changes Itself (5)
George knew nothing about rehabilitation, and his ignorance turned out to be a godsend, because he succeeded by breaking all its current rules, unencumbered by pessimistic theories.
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